Which factor increases when an aircraft is overloaded?

When an aircraft is overloaded, the landing roll distance increases due to the added weight. Increased weight results in a greater momentum that must be overcome when the aircraft decelerates on the runway. As the aircraft touches down, the kinetic energy it has due to its weight must be dissipated through braking, which takes longer when the aircraft is heavier.

An overloaded aircraft also generally has a longer takeoff and landing distance because the available lift at a given speed is reduced, requiring the aircraft to achieve a greater speed to produce sufficient lift during landing and takeoff. Thus, the landing roll distance will increase, reflecting the need for more runway to stop safely.

In contrast, maximum altitude, rate of climb, and fuel efficiency all decrease as weight increases due to the strain on the aircraft's performance capabilities. Overloading makes it harder for the aircraft to climb, reduces its maximum altitude capability, and diminishes fuel efficiency, thereby stressing the importance of adhering to weight limits.